MENSELSSOHN, FELIX

Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy conhecido como Felix Mendelssohn (3 de fevereiro de 1809 – 4 de novembro de 1847) foi um compositor, pianista e maestro alemão do início do período romântico. Algumas das suas mais conhecidas obras são a suíte Sonho de uma Noite de Verão (que inclui a famosa marcha nupcial), dois concertos para piano, o concerto para violino, cerca de 100 Lieder (Canções). Mendelssohn nasceu em Hamburgo, Alemanha, filho de um banqueiro, Abraham Mendelssohn, e de Lea Salomon, neto do filósofo Judaico-alemão Moses Mendelssohn; nasceu de uma família judia notável, mais tarde convertida ao cristianismo. Começou a compor aos nove anos; mais tarde mudou seu sobrenome para Mendelssohn Bartholdy.

Felix cresceu num ambiente de intensa efervescência intelectual. As maiores mentes da Alemanha foram visitas frequentes da sua família na casa em Berlim, incluindo a Wilhelm von Humboldt e Alexander von Humboldt. A sua irmã Rebecca casou com o grande matemático belga Lejeune Dirichlet.

Abraão renunciou a religião judaica, A família mudou-se para Berlim em 1811. Abraão e Lea tentam dar a Felix Mendelssohn, a seu irmão Paul, e às suas irmãs Fanny e Rebeca, a melhor educação possível. Sua irmã Fanny Mendelssohn (mais tarde, Fanny Hensel),  tornou-se conhecida como pianista e compositora.

Mendelssohn era considerado uma criança prodígio. Começou a ter lições de piano com a sua mãe aos seis anos, acompanhados por Marie Bigot. A partir de 1817, estudou composição com Carl Friedrich Zelter em Berlim. Escreveu e publicou o seu primeiro trabalho, um quarteto com piano, aos treze anos. Mais tarde teve aulas de piano com o compositor e virtuoso Ignaz Moscheles, confessou em seu diário que ele tinha muito a ensinar-lhe. Moscheles foi grande colega e amigo ao longo da vida.

Charles Rosen, no seu livro A Geração Romântica deprecia Mendelssohn como "kitsch religioso", essa opinião reflecte um contínuo desprezo pela estética musical por parte de Richard Wagner e seu seguidores.

Na Inglaterra, a reputação de Mendelssohn manteve-se elevada durante muito tempo. A Rainha Victoria demonstrou o seu entusiasmo, quando no Crystal Palace foi construída em 1854, uma estátua de Mendelssohn.

Uma paixão não correspondida pela soprano sueca Jenny Lind pode ter contribuído para a morte do compositor alemão Félix Mendelssohn. Essa é a tese levantada por uma jornalista do The Independent, Jessica Duchen. A tese tem por base um documento depositado nos arquivos da Royal Academy of Music, em Londres: uma declaração do marido de Jenny Lind, Otto Goldschmidt, confessando ter destruído uma carta de Mendelssohn para Jenny, que teria o poder de macular profundamente as reputações de sua mulher e de Mendelssohn. Na carta o compositor teria declarado amor ardente por ela, implorando que ela fugisse com ele para os Estados Unidos e ameaçando suicídio caso ela recusasse. Supõe-se que Jenny, de fato, recusou. Meses depois, Mendelssohn estava morto.

 

OBRA

 

Op. 1, Piano Quartet No. 1 in c minor (1822)

Op. 2, Piano Quartet No. 2 in f minor (1823)

Op. 3, Piano Quartet No. 3 in b minor (1824-1825)

Op. 4, Violin Sonata in f minor (1825)

Op. 5, Capriccio in f#minor for piano (1825)

Op. 6, Piano Sonata No. 1 in E major (1826)

Op. 7, Pièces caractéristiques for piano (1827)

Op. 8, Twelve Songs for voice and piano (1824-1828)

Op. 9, Twelve Lieder for voice and piano (1829-1830)

Op. 10, Die Hochzeit des Camacho (The Marriage of Camacho) (Singspiel)

Op. 11, Symphony No. 1 in c minor (1824)

Op. 12, String Quartet No. 1 in E flat major (1829)

Op. 13, String Quartet No. 2 in a minor (1827)

Op. 14, Rondo capriccioso in E major for piano (1824)

Op. 15, Fantasia on "The Last Rose of Summer" in E major for piano (1827)

Op. 16, Fantasies or Caprices for piano (1829)

Op. 17, Variations concertantes in D major for piano and cello (1829)

Op. 18, String Quintet No. 1 in A major (1826, 1832)

Op. 19a, Six Songs for voice and piano (1830-1834)

Op. 19b, Songs Without Words for piano, Book 1 (1829-1830)

Op. 20, String Octet in E-flat major (1825)

Op. 21, A Midsummer Night's Dream Overture in E major for orchestra (1826)

Op. 22, Capriccio brilliant in b minor for piano and orchestra (1825-1826)

Op. 23, Three sacred pieces for soloists, choir, and organ

Op. 24, Overture in C major for wind instruments (1824-1838)

Op. 25, Piano Concerto No. 1 in g minor (1831)

Op. 26, Hebrides Overture in b minor for orchestra (1830-1832) (also known as Fingal's Cave).

Op. 27, Meeresstille und glückliche Fahrt [Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage, after Goethe) Overture in D major for orchestra (1828)

Op. 28, Fantasia in f#minor for piano ("Sonate écossaise")

Op. 29, Rondo brillant in E flat major for piano and orchestra (1834)

Op. 30, Songs Without Words for piano, Book 2 (1833-1834)

Op. 31, Psalm CXV ("Non nobis, Domine") for choir and orchestra (1830)

Op. 32, Das Märchen von der schönen Melusine [The Beautiful Melusine] Overture in F major for orchestra (1833)

Op. 33, Three Caprices for piano (1833-1835)

Op. 34, Six Songs for voice and piano (1834-1836)

Op. 35, Six Preludes and Fugues for piano (1832-1837)

Op. 36, St. Paul (Oratorio) for choir and orchestra (1836)

Op. 37, Three Preludes and Fugues for organ (1837)

Op. 38, Songs Without Words for piano, Book 3 (1836-1837)

Op. 39, Three Motets for female choir and organ (1830)

Op. 40, Piano Concerto No. 2 in d minor (1837)

Op. 41, Six Lieder for mixed voices a cappella (1834-1838)

Op. 42, Psalm 42 for choir and orchestra (1837)

Op. 43, Serenade and Allegro giocoso in b minor for piano and orchestra (1838)

Op. 44, String Quartets

Op. 45, Cello Sonata No. 1 in Bb major (1838)

Op. 46, Psalm XCV ("Come, let us sing") for choir and orchestra (1838)

Op. 47, Six Songs for voice and piano (1839)

Op. 48, Der erste Frühlingstag [The first day of Spring] for mixed voices a cappella (1839)

Op. 49, Piano Trio No. 1 in d minor (1839)

Op. 50, Six Lieder for four male voices a cappella (1837-1840)

Op. 51, Psalm CXIV ("When Israel out of Egypt came") for double choir and orchestra (1839)

Op. 52, Symphony No. 2 in Bb major ("Lobgesang") [Song of Praise](1840)

Op. 53, Songs Without Words for piano, Book 4 (1839-1841)

Op. 54, Variations sérieuses for piano (1841)

Op. 55, Antigone for male choir and orchestra (1841)

Op. 56, Symphony No. 3 in a minor ("Scottish") (1841-1842)

Op. 57, Six Lieder for voice and piano

Op. 58, Cello Sonata No. 2 in D major (1843)

Op. 59, Im Grünen, Six lieder for mixed voices a cappella (1837-1843)

Op. 60, Die erste Walpurgisnacht for choir and orchestra (1831, 1843)

Op. 61, Incidental Music to A Midsummer Night's Dream (1842)

Op. 62, Songs Without Words for piano, Book 5 (1842-1844)

Op. 63, Six Lieder for voice and piano (1836-1845)

Op. 64, Violin Concerto in E minor (1844)

Op. 65, Six Organ Sonatas

Op. 66, Piano Trio No. 2 in c minor (1845)

Op. 67, Songs Without Words for piano, Book 6 (1843-1845)

Op. 68, Festgesang an die Künstler: Der Menschheit Würde for male choir and accompaniment (1846)

Op. 69, Three Motets for choir (1847)

Op. 70, Elijah for choir and orchestra (1846)

Op. 71, Six Lieder for voice and piano

Op. 72, Kinderstücke [Children's pieces] for piano (1842)

Op. 73, Lauda Sion Cantata for choir and orchestra (1846)

Op. 74, Athalie (1845)

Op. 75, Wandersmann

Op. 76, Four Lieder for four male voices (1844-1846)

Op. 77, Three Lieder for voice and piano (1836-1847)

Op. 78, Three Psalms for choir a cappella

Op. 79, Six Anthems for eight voices a cappella (1844-1846)

Op. 80, String Quartet No. 6 in f minor (1847)

Op. 81, Four pieces for string quartet

Op. 82, Variations in Eb major for piano (1841)

Op. 83, Variations in Bb major for piano (also for piano, four hands) (1841)

Op. 84, Three Lieder for bass voice and piano (1831-1839) 

Op. 85, Songs Without Words for piano, Book 7 (1834-1845)

Op. 86, Six Songs for voice and piano (1826-1847) 

Op. 87, String Quintet No. 2 in Bb major (1845)

Op. 88, Six Lieder for four mixed voices a cappella (1839-1844) 

Op. 89, Heimkehr aus der Fremde (1829)

Op. 90, Symphony No. 4 in A major ("Italian") (1833)

Op. 91, Psalm XCVIII ("Sing to the Lord a new song") for choir, orchestra, and organ (1843)

Op. 92, Allegro brilliant in A major for piano, four hands (1841)

Op. 93, Oedipus at Colonos (1845)

Op. 94, Infelice: Unglückselge! … Kehret wieder in B-flat major for soprano and orchestra (1834-1843)

Op. 95, Overture in C minor ("Ruy Blas") for orchestra (1839)

Op. 96, Lass', o Herr for choir and orchestra (1840-1843)

Op. 97, Christus (oratorio) (unfinished)

Op. 98, Loreley (opera) (unfinished) (1847)

Op. 99, Six Songs for voice and piano (1841-1845) 

Op. 100, Four Lieder for four voices a cappella (1839-1844)

Op. 101, Overture in C major for orchestra ("Trumpet Overture") (1826)

Op. 102, Songs Without Words for piano, Book 8 (1842-1845)

Op. 103, Trauermarsch [Funeral March] in A minor for military orchestra (1836)

Op. 104a, Three Preludes for piano (1834)

Op. 104b, Three Études for piano (1834-1838) 

Op. 105, Piano Sonata No. 2 in g minor (1821)

Op. 106, Piano Sonata No. 3 in Bb major (1827)

Op. 107, Symphony No. 5 in D major/d minor ("Reformation") (1830)

Op. 108, March in D major for orchestra (1841)

Op. 109, Song without words in D major for cello and piano (1845)

Op. 110, Piano Sextet in D major (1824)

Op. 111, Tu es Petrus in A major for five voices and orchestra (1827)

Op. 112, Two Sacred songs for voice and piano (1835)

Op. 113, Concert Piece in f minor for clarinet, basset-horn, and piano (1833)

Op. 114, Concert Piece in d minor for clarinet, basset-horn, and piano (1833)

Op. 115, Two Sacred choruses for male choir a cappella (1833)

Op. 116, Trauer-Gesang: Sahst du ihn herniederschweben in der Morgen [Funeral Song] in g minor for mixed choir a cappella (1845)

Op. 117, Album-leaf in e minor for piano (1837)

Op. 118, Capriccio in E major for piano (1837)

Op. 119, Perpetuum mobile in C major for piano

Op. 120, Four Lieder for four male voices a cappella (1837-1847)

Op. 121, Adspice Domine de sede for male choir and cello (1833)

Obras sem número de Opus

Sinfonia for strings No. 1 in C major (1821)

Sinfonia for strings No. 2 in D major (1821)

Sinfonia for strings No. 3 in e minor (1821)

Sinfonia for strings No. 4 in c minor (1821)

Sinfonia for strings No. 5 in Bb major (1821)

Sinfonia for strings No. 6 in Eb major (1821)

Sinfonia for strings No. 7 in d minor (1821-2)

Sinfonia for strings No. 8 in D major (1822)

Sinfonia for strings No. 9 in C major (1823)

Sinfonia for strings No. 10 in b minor (1823)

Sinfonia for strings No. 11 in F major (1823)

Sinfonia for strings No. 12 in g minor (1823)

Sinfonia for strings No. 13 in c minor (1823) - One movement only

Piano (a minor); Violin (d minor);

Piano and Violin (d minor); 2 Pianos (E major and Ab major)

Two Violin Sonatas, both in F major (1820 and 1838)

Piano Quartet in d minor (1821)

Clarinet Sonata in Eb major (1824)

Etude in f minor for piano (1826)

Die Hochzeit des Camacho (Singspiel), (1824-7)

Scherzo in b minor for piano (1829)

Scherzo a capriccio in f#minor for piano (1835-1836)

String Quartet in Eb major (1823) (Mendelssohn)

String Quartet in Eb (1823)

Viola Sonata in c minor(1823-24)

19 miscellaneous pieces (plus several fragments) for organ (1820-1845)

Assai tranquillo in b minor, for cello and piano (1835)

2 Kindersymphonies performed in Berlin, Christmas eve 1827 and 1828, which are now lost

Para ovir

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzGLwWZA5rQ&feature=PlayList&p=0A7608B17E4D8E90&index=0&playnext=1